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The active careers of servicemembers can vary. Some will be on active duty for four years while others may last over 20. Regardless of how long they wear the uniform, there is always more they can do for our nation and freedom.

Dr. Richele Corrado is living proof of this. She is currently working at Revolution Medicine, Health, & Fitness in Washington D.C., but her career in the medical field began in the United States Navy as a physician, but her biggest impact was after she transitioned to civilian life and worked for over 14 years in the military health system. The native of Hershey, PA, didn’t have any family members that served in the past that she knew of, but her own service and efforts now are rooted on intentions to make a difference.

“I have lots of energy and this desire to help others,” she said. “Ever since I was little, I knew I wanted to work in the world of medicine.”

Dr. Richele Corrado

Obesity is a Disease

Corrado has dedicated her focus to helping others combat obesity, which has become an issue within the military community. She said it is a disease that does not get the recognition it requires, nor do those affected by it get the proper treatment they deserve.

Corrado explained, “In medical school, we are not taught much about obesity.” As is the case with most diseases, however, it is not quite that simple, and Corrado is not the only one who sees obesity as a major issue that needs addressed. According to the Obesity Action Coalition, almost 93 million Americans are affected by obesity. That is a rate of nearly one in four people. Corrado is especially concerned about how it is affecting the servicemembers that are out in the field.

“If you’re not in the military, then sometimes you may not understand the dedications, struggles, and sacrifices that they go through in order to do that.”

Corrado started dedicating herself to this issue after she attended a workshop and felt a personal connection to it as someone who combatted body imaging issues in her 20’s. As she dove into the issue, she found that the first big hurdle is acknowledging obesity for what it truly is, a disease.

“Ever since day one in the military, they have been told that they need to eat less and move more, that they need to get up at 5 AM and just do it, that ‘if I can do it, you can do it,’ and for active duty members, it is so much harder.”

Factors that Corrado acknowledged as issues that make it easier to gain weight and much harder to lose it include lack of sleep, stress, anxiety, and even Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, among others. She also explained that servicemembers may get desperate to meet their targeted weights when they must do weigh-ins, and that means pushing themselves in training to the point of exhaustion.

“They will be going all out on their runs and wearing sweat suits or severely restricting their calorie intake, and that is actually causing them even more harm,” she stated. “That is combined with how nervous or anxious they are about this because they don’t want to get sent to body composition centers, which is known in some places as “fat camp.”

While the extreme tactics could result in them hitting a target weight for the day of weigh-ins, it is not helping their overall wellness and could be setting them up for further issues in the future. Corrado has dedicated herself to finding better short- and long-term ways that can not only help those wearing the nation’s cloth while on active duty but keep them healthy as they transition into veterans.

“The intersection of all these things really drove me to focusing more on this disease and how we can find better solutions.”

What Can Be Done To Help Serve Our Service Members?

Corrado has been proactive in spreading the message about obesity and proposing ways that can be helpful both for the servicemembers themselves as well as the military community at large. One of the first steps she feels needs to be taken is for leadership to acknowledge the issue for what it is, a disease, and realize that the old methods that have been in place need to be reevaluated for those serving now as well as those they want to join in the future.

“The military has a very big struggle with obesity, and it leads to issues with retention recruitment because only 23 percent of Americans age 17-24 are even eligible to serve in the military.”

Those that struggle with obesity could be more successful with proper medication. The issue is that policy can get in the way of that. Despite her helping write out new policies for the military on this issue, they are still pending and have yet to be approved or enacted as of this writing.

“I wrote out one policy six months ago, but it has yet to be finalized.”

The conflict with this is that other diseases can be treated with medication, and weight gain could be a side effect of those medicines. This makes the battle against obesity even harder for those on active duty that are trying to work on other health matters.

“The longer they go without the proper treatment, the worse it gets for them.”

There is also the food that servicemembers have access to. Corrado estimated that 70 to 80 percent of dining facilities have no control over the food they receive to serve, and many small shops only provide sugary foods and drinks. This is due to the funds they receive and how they are appropriated.

“We need to do more lobbying to Congress, and they need to change the ways the foods are appropriated.”

Corrado is also thinking ahead to post-military life when servicemembers go off active duty. Obesity is also an issue for veterans, and she feels combatting this matter now will lead to improvement both for them and those that work in the VA hospitals.

“There is such an opportunity to make a lot of good changes that would help them have better and longer active-duty careers as well as better lives afterwards, which could even help save costs for the VA.”

On a larger scale, Corrado advised that the stigma of obesity being a moral failing or the result of choices should also be erased. Whether it is due to the surroundings they had while growing up, such as the south where cleaning the plate was a must, or traumatic issues they faced through no fault of their own, or using those medications to treat other ailments and health matters, numerous factors contribute to obesity. Corrado feels that the sooner we break the stigma, the easier it can be to face it and combat it on both an individual level as well as on a larger scale.

“Sometimes they need more than the basics, and that is okay.”

That is why she has been very active in speaking at symposiums and trainings. She is directly trying to get the word out about the problems and solutions so the leaders and those on active duty have the best chances of success going forward. Her dedication and passion to combat obesity has already helped many in uniform, and she remains committed to speak out on this matter and work with us so they can go out and serve the country.

“One of the reasons we that work in medicine and the military stay in the field is because we are surrounded by so many amazing people. It has shaped my career and who I am.”

You can learn more about obesity issues and resources that can help by going to the Obesity Action Coalition website.

M&F Military Editor Rob Wilkins contributed to this article.



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Dr. Richele Corrado Helps Heroes Be Better Fit To Serve, 2025-07-11 15:44:00


There is a reason why so many muscle-minded men turn to their blender to help them get more pumped. Blended shakes are an easy way to knock back the protein you need every day to pack on muscle like a pro. Not to mention a compact way to obtain key nutrients that may be otherwise lacking in your daily diet. And now that flip-flop season is in full swing you might be giving your blender a stiff daily workout to help you beat the heat.

But, as you’ve likely experienced, smoothies can come off as one-note and be as exciting to drink as cough syrup. Too many of us are on auto-pilot with our protein shakes blending or shaking together the same tired ingredients. Which is a shame, because at their core, smoothies are an excellent way to work all sorts of foods with a standout nutritional pedigree into your diet.

Whether you’re whipping up a quick breakfast replacement, a muscle-building drink after a monster workout or a frosty snack, you need to know that smoothies are infinitely riffable and are ready to welcome all sorts of seemingly strange bedfellows that can be turned into a delicious drink to send down the hatch. With a little know-how and a few underutilized ingredients, it’s possible to make a protein shake so delicious you’ll actually crave it. So, yes, please stop thinking about protein shakes as little more than protein powder and water.

To help you chug back better shakes, here are a batch of smoothies that whip in some outside-the-box ingredients (hello, avocado) that make it way better to drink your protein. Every one manages to hit you with a perfect trifecta of taste, texture, and nutrition. Gentlemen start your blenders: These nutritious smoothies are the real big gulps.

Bohdan/Adobe Stock

How To Create Your Own Healthy Protein Shake: 8 Unbreakable Rules

Yes, you can make better smoothies at home. Follow these steps to master the shake making formula.

Follow the Leader: For the most efficient blending, pour liquids first into your container followed by soft items like yogurt and nut butters, then powder, and finally anything hard including raw vegetables. Frozen ingredients such as fruit and ice go in last to help pull all the other ingredients down into the swirling blades for even mixing. If your blender has a speed adjustment knob, begin at the lowest blender speed then work your way up to high speed to let it rip.

Be Liquid Smart: If you are not sure of the exact proportions, dumping in all of your milk, juice, or water right away could leave you with a smoothie that seems watered down. You can try blending in a bit less liquid at the start and see if you like the consistency. Too thick? Blend in more liquid until you get the consistency you want. Too thin? Whip in additional frozen fruit.

Patience Pays: Let’s not gloss over this: Take. Your. Time. Smoothies are quick, but that doesn’t mean a lack of patience and blending everything up for a couple of seconds is going to cut it. You want to blend together all the ingredients for a bit of time so that your smoothie is lump-free. Aim for at least 1 minute with a regular blender, or about 30 seconds if you’re using a machine with serious horsepower, like a Vitamix.

Scale Back the Sweet Stuff: Fruit, honey, dates, juices and sugar-sweetened dairy-free milk can result in a blender drink that is not too far off of liquid candy. In general, aim to blend in no more than two sugary items. Truth is, fruit should provide nearly all the sweetness that is needed. If you’re blending in yogurt or non-dairy milk such as almond or soy make sure to use unsweetened kinds.

Beyond the Powder: Yes, protein powder is a convenient way to give your creamy drinks a hefty dose of this macro, but it’s not the only way. Items like Greek yogurt, ricotta cheese, pasteurized egg whites, cottage cheese, and even soft tofu can help you go bigger on protein and help improve the texture and taste of your blender creations.

Going Bananas: Blending in frozen bananas is the perfect way to instantly give your smoothie a frosty and creamy personality. Ice cubes? Not so much. To freeze ripe bananas for your muscle-making shakes, simply peel the fruit, chop into quarters, spread out on a baking sheet and freeze until solid. Then store them in the freezer in an air-tight zip-top bag.

Don’t Forget the Fat: Fats help your body absorb various fat-soluble nutrients in the shake. They can also provide a rich, creamy consistency. Nut butters, seeds, nuts, full-fat dairy and even avocado are ways to deliciously fatten up your post-gym drinks. If you’re adding a fat source and the shake turns weirdly gloppy when blended, add a little extra liquid to smooth it out.

Go for Bonus Flavor: There are easy ways to make your drink pop with exciting flavor. A touch of spice like cinnamon or nutmeg can instantly transform a smoothie from meh to memorable. Herbs like mint or basil, citrus zest such as lemon, fresh ginger, and vanilla extract are also great ways to add calorie-free flavor to your shakes.

8 High Protein Smoothie Recipes To Build Muscles in a Heatwave

Peanut butter and jelly smoothie with various berries
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PB&J Smoothie

Hold the bread, this smoothie tastes like everyone’s favorite schoolyard sandwich. Wheat germ is the stealth health food here as it contains a wide range of essential vitamins and minerals including selenium, magnesium, phosphorus and thiamine.

  • 1 cup milk or unsweetened non-dairy milk
  • 1 scoop plain or vanilla protein powder
  • 2 tbsp wheat germ
  • 1 tbsp peanut butter
  • 1 tsp honey
  • 1/2 tsp vanilla extract
  • 1 cup frozen strawberries
Lemon and blueberry smoothie garnished with a sprig of mint
OleksandrZastrozhnov/Adobe Stock

Lemony Blueberry Smoothie

This is a fresh tasting smoothie fit for the season. Cottage cheese lends the drink the required amount of protein and frozen blueberries have a surfeit of disease-thwarting anthocyanin antioxidants.

  • 3/4 cup milk or unsweetened non-dairy milk
  • 3/4 cup cottage cheese
  • 1 tsp honey
  • 1 tbsp chia seeds
  • 1 tsp lemon zest
  • 1/2 cup frozen blueberries
  • ½ frozen chopped banana

Place all of the ingredients in a blender in the order listed and blend until smooth.

Sweet Potato Smoothie
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Sweet Potato Pie Smoothie

This smoothie tastes like dessert, albeit a mega-nutritious one. Sweet potato adds wonderful natural sweetness to this decadent tasting shake not to mention a wallop of immune-boosting vitamin A. Consider cooking up a few at a time so they are ready to go for shake time. In similar vein to yogurt, tangy kefir is a surefire way to increase your intake of muscle-building protein and the gut-benefiting beneficial critters known as probiotics.

  • 1 cup plain kefir beverage
  • 1 cup peeled, chopped and cooked sweet potato
  • 1 scoop plain or vanilla protein powder
  • 1 tbsp almond butter or cashew butter
  • 1/2 tsp vanilla extract
  • 1/4 tsp cinnamon
  • 1/4 tsp ginger powder
  • 1/2 frozen banana, chopped

Place all of the ingredients in a blender container in the order listed and blend until smooth.

Green Smoothie with spinach
Anna Puzatykh/Adobe Stock

Green Monster Smoothie

Found alongside baby spinach and arugula in the supermarket, tender baby kale is less bitter tasting than its grown-up version and requires no chopping making it a great way to infuse

smoothies with nutritional might. Virtually flavorless soft tofu is a surprising way to add plant-based protein to smoothies as are nutty tasting hemp seeds. Mango adds a plenty of sweetness and some tropical flair. And just a hint of sourness in smoothies from items like lemon juice can sharpen fruitiness.

  • 3/4 cup milk or unsweetened non-dairy milk
  • 1 tbsp fresh lemon juice
  • 1/2 cup soft (silken) tofu
  • 2 cups baby kale
  • 1/4 cup fresh basil
  • 3 tbsp hemp seeds (hemp hearts)
  • 1 tsp fresh ginger
  • 1 cup cubed frozen mango

Place all of the ingredients in a blender container in the order listed and blend until smooth.

Creamy mocha smoothie
DITSARAPHAN/Adobe Stock

Over Easy Mocha Shake

This blender drink is definitely a smooth way to start your day. Boxed pasteurized egg whites are perfectly safe to eat straight from the carton offering breakfast smoothies a pure source of top-notch protein. Using brewed coffee as your liquid base perks up your morning drink, while milk powder is an inexpensive way (yes, less pricey than protein powder) to add creamy consistency to smoothies and some extra protein. Blend in subzero cherries and you’ll get a hit of health-hiking antioxidants.

  • 3/4 cup brewed coffee, cooled to room temperature
  • 1/3 cup pasteurized egg whites
  • 1/4 cup rolled oats
  • 3 tbsp milk powder
  • 2 tbsp peanut butter or almond butter
  • 1 tbsp cocoa powder
  • 1/2 tsp vanilla extract
  • 1/4 tsp cardamom
  • 1/2 cup frozen pitted cherries
  • 1/2 frozen banana, chopped

Place all of the ingredients in a blender container in the order listed and blend until smooth.

Strawberry Red velvet smoothie
Uni/Adobe Stock

Red Velvet Cheesecake

When it comes to smoothies, it’s time to root for naturally sweet beets. They are a fantastic source of naturally occurring nitrates that can aid in cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure numbers. High powered blenders can handle raw beets, but if you’re using one with wimpy horsepower or want a sweeter-tasting shake you may want to blend in cooked ones. Some supermarket produce sections now carry pre-cooked beets. Good for more than just lasagna, ricotta cheese adds creamy richness and a dose of muscle-friendly whey protein. Raspberries lend the drink much-needed fiber and antioxidants. The mint and orange zest are all about the flavor magic.

  • 3/4 cup milk or unsweetened non-dairy milk
  • 1/2 cup ricotta cheese
  • 1 scoop vanilla or plain protein powder
  • 1 small beet, peeled and chopped
  • 1/4 cup fresh mint
  • 1 tsp orange zest
  • 2 tbsp walnuts or pecans
  • 2 tsp pure maple syrup
  • 1/4 tsp cinnamon or allspice
  • 3/4 cup frozen raspberries

Place all of the ingredients in a blender container in the order listed and blend on high power for 1 minute, or until smooth.

Smooth and refreshing chocolate banana smoothie
pilipphoto/Adobe Stock

Chocolate Fudge Smoothie

Avocado gives smoothies an unbeatable creamy texture without making them taste like guacamole. Plus, you’ll benefit from its nutritional payload which includes heart-healthy monounsaturated fat, fat-fighting fiber and a range of vitamins including vitamin C and K. Blending in spinach is an easy way to add a nutrition boost without evening knowing it’s there. Adding a touch of fiery cayenne makes the drink taste extra exciting.

  • 1 cup water
  • Flesh of 1/2 avocado
  • 1 cup baby spinach
  • 1 scoop plain, chocolate, or vanilla protein powder
  • 1 tbsp cocoa powder
  • 1/4 tsp cinnamon
  • 1/8 tsp cayenne powder
  • 1/2 frozen banana, chopped

Place all of the ingredients in a blander container and blend until smooth. If too thick, blend in additional liquid.

Refreshing and creamy orange cream smoothie
Michael/Adobe Stock

Orange Creamsicle Smoothie

A perfect protein-packed drink to help you keep your cool this summer. Greek yogurt gives you extra protein and probiotics, creamy tahini delivers good-for-you fats, and peaches and carrot are a source of immune-boosting beta-carotene. A smoothie that even Bugs Bunny would hop into the kitchen for.

  • 1 cup milk or unsweetened non-dairy milk
  • 3/4 cup plain Greek yogurt
  • 1 tbsp tahini
  • 1 scoop plain or vanilla protein powder
  • 1/2 medium carrot, chopped
  • 1 tsp chopped fresh ginger
  • 1/4 tsp turmeric powder
  • 1/8 tsp sea salt
  • 1/2 cup frozen peach slices
  • 1/2 cup frozen chopped banana

Place all of the ingredients in a blender in the order listed and blend until smooth.

Various superfood ingredients to add into a refreshing healthy smoothie
Wimon/Adobe Stock

Superfood Smoothie Mix-Ins to Boost Nutrition and Flavor on the Go

These blend-ins can instantly up the nutritional ante of your smoothies.

  • Manitoba Harvest Hemp + Immunity: Hemp protein powder is gussied with some immune-boosting powders including elderberry and acerola cherry. After all, shouldn’t we all have some more acerola in our lives?
  • Vega Performance Protein + Creatine: An impressive 30 grams of plant-based protein is paired with 3 grams of creatine monohydrate for a next-level smoothie powder geared towards athletic success.
  • Bob’s Red Mill Flaxseed Meal: Whirl into your smoothies for a dose of heart and brain-boosting omega-3 fats along with hunger-quelling fiber.
  • Bumpin Blends Berry Awake: These convenient frozen smoothie cubes are made with organic berries, Greek yogurt, chia seeds, and spinach. Undeniably, a way to simplify your smoothie routine without sacrificing nutrition.
  • Navitas Organics Cacao Powder: This powder will elevate your smoothies with great chocolaty flavor, much needed magnesium and a wallop of antioxidants.
  • Possible Supergreens: An easy way to power up your protein shakes with powdered greens and fruits. We promise it won’t make your drink taste like a salad.

Tools to Upgrade Your Protein Shakes

Hitting the road this summer? You need not rely on sugar-loaded drinks from the juice bar. The ingenious Nutribullet Flip is a rechargeable portable blender that lets you drink your protein whether you are on the beach or trapped in a dingy hotel room. The insulated cup will keep your smoothie nice and frosty for several hours. And the machine is powerful enough it won’t leave chunks of frozen fruit floating in your drink.

Make and Take

Need a cold smoothie to go? After blending, pour your drink into an insulated 32 oz wide mouth Hydro Flask bottle that is up to the task of keeping your drinks frosty or steamy for several hours. Bonus points for its splashy colors.



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8 High-Protein Smoothie Recipes to Build Muscle and Beat the Summer Heat, 2025-07-10 16:10:00


Hepatitis is a type of inflammation that affects your liver – an essential organ that performs hundreds of functions to keep you healthy. Most importantly, it cleans harmful substances out of your blood, helps your body get rid of old red blood cells, and makes bile, a fluid that helps you digest food.

The good news is you can prevent two types of hepatitis with a vaccine. Plus, hepatitis is very treatable. But if left untreated, hepatitis can lead to serious long-term health complications.

Below, we’ll explain the different types of hepatitis, how it’s spread, symptoms and how it’s diagnosed. We’ll also go over treatment options and how to protect yourself from hepatitis.

The different types of hepatitis (and what causes them)

There are five kinds of viruses that cause hepatitis, known as hepatitis A, B, C, D and E. While there are also nonviral causes that we’ll go over, only the viral forms are contagious and can be spread from person to person.

Many people with hepatitis don’t experience any symptoms, but if they do, they can be noticeable. Symptoms of the different types of hepatitis are very similar to each other but have varying levels of severity and can affect the liver in different ways. Common symptoms of hepatitis of all forms can include:

  • Dark urine or stool that is light-colored
  • Diarrhea
  • Fatigue
  • Joint pain
  • Loss of appetite
  • Low-grade fever (100.4oF or less)
  • Nausea
  • Stomach pain or an upset stomach
  • Vomiting
  • Yellow skin or eyes (jaundice)

Viral types of hepatitis and how they spread

The three types of hepatitis most commonly seen in the United States are hepatitis A, B and C. Hepatitis D and E can also occur, but hepatitis D can only occur alongside hepatitis B, and hepatitis E tends to be more related with travel outside of the country.

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A is one of two forms of viral hepatitis that’s preventable with a vaccine. It’s also the only form of hepatitis that’s primarily transmitted through the fecal-oral route. This means you’re most likely to get hepatitis A by consuming food or water that’s contaminated by the stool of someone that’s infected.

It’s not common in the U.S., and it’s mainly associated with travel outside of the country. It can also be transmitted from person to person in other ways, because it’s highly contagious. While hepatitis A doesn’t usually cause lasting liver damage, it can cause liver failure and even death in older people and people with serious health issues.

Hepatitis A is usually an acute (short-term) infection and doesn’t typically result in a chronic (long-term) infection. If you currently have or have had hepatitis A and cleared the virus, it’s likely that you won’t get reinfected – your body will develop antibodies to protect you for life.

Early symptoms of hepatitis A

With hepatitis A, most people, particularly children, don’t experience any symptoms. But if they develop, it can happen anywhere from 2-7 weeks after infection. Early symptoms can include:

  • Unusual tiredness or weakness
  • Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
  • Pain in the stomach where your liver is located
  • Dark urine and light-colored stool
  • Low-grade fever
  • Pain in the joints

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B is the other type that can be prevented with a vaccine. If you’ve had hepatitis B in the past and completely cleared the infection, you likely wouldn’t get it again. But rarely, some people can experience a reactivation of the virus, especially if they’re immunocompromised.

Hepatitis B can be acute or chronic. An acute infection isn’t likely to cause long-term liver damage, but chronic hepatitis B can result in liver cancer, liver failure and even death.

It’s typically spread from contact with the blood of an infected person. The most common way that Hepatitis B is transmitted is during childbirth, called neonatal hepatitis, when a mother can pass it to their baby. But it can also be spread by contact with infected bodily fluids, though this is less likely.

Neonatal hepatitis

This can occur when a mother passes hepatitis B (and rarely hepatitis D) to her baby during childbirth. The best way to prevent a baby from becoming infected is screening for hepatitis B during pregnancy, with repeated screening for people who are more at risk of contracting it.

If an expectant mother tests positive, it’s possible to use antiviral therapy during pregnancy in certain conditions. And within 12 hours of birth, the hepatitis B vaccine and an injection that contains antibodies to hepatitis B should be given to the baby.

Getting treatment as soon as possible is very important. If left untreated, almost half of babies will develop a chronic hepatitis B infection, which can be fatal.

Hepatitis B symptoms typically develop in stages

It’s not typical to experience symptoms, especially early on. But the older a person is, the more likely they’ll experience symptoms.

Early symptoms can take around 12 weeks to develop and include:

  • Fever
  • Joint and muscle pain

If left untreated, more serious symptoms can develop, such as:

  • Cough
  • Dark urine
  • Light stool
  • Fatigue
  • Nausea, vomiting, stomach pain and loss of appetite

And if a hepatitis B infection progresses, early symptoms may disappear and other symptoms may include:

  • Jaundice
  • Severe loss of appetite
  • Worsening nausea and vomiting

Hepatitis C

Hepatitis C is spread through the blood of an infected person. Unlike hepatitis A and B, there is no vaccine to prevent it, and even if you’ve had and recovered from hepatitis C or cured it with medication, you can get it again.

Since it’s spread through contact with infected blood, it can be transmitted in a number of ways, including by sharing injectable needles, and during pregnancy or childbirth. The hepatitis C virus can also survive outside of the body for several days.

Infections can range from mild, where people may not even know they have it, to a serious, persistent infection. Only a small number of people will clear the virus on their own, and without proper treatment it’s likely they’ll develop a chronic infection.

Early hepatitis C symptoms are similar to the flu

When you’re first diagnosed with hepatitis C, it’s considered an acute infection. Symptoms can show up as early as two weeks after exposure, and can include:

  • Clay-colored stool and dark urine
  • Fatigue
  • Low-grade fever
  • Joint pain
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Reduced appetite

However, if you aren’t diagnosed and treated, hepatitis C can become a chronic infection and lead to more severe symptoms such as:

  • Buildup of fluid in your stomach (ascites)
  • Bleeding or bruising more easily
  • Confusion, slurred speech and drowsiness (hepatic encephalopathy)
  • Hives, rashes or itchy skin
  • Jaundice
  • Swollen legs
  • Unintended weight loss

Hepatitis D

Hepatitis D can only occur in people who have chronic hepatitis B, and it’s transmitted the same way. There’s no vaccine specifically for hepatitis D, but the vaccine for hepatitis B protects against a potential hepatitis D infection.

Hepatitis D is uncommon in the U.S. and usually occurs in people who migrate or travel to the U.S. from countries where hepatitis D is considered widespread.

Hepatitis E

The hepatitis E virus is found in the stool of an infected person and occurs when people unknowingly ingest contaminated feces. There’s no vaccine for it, and it’s extremely rare in the U.S.

It most commonly occurs in developing countries when people drink contaminated water. But it can occur in the U.S. from eating contaminated shellfish and raw or undercooked animal meat, like pork.

Most people will only have an acute infection, and clear the virus with no long-term problems. But pregnant women who have it are at increased risk for severe health complications for both them and their baby.

Nonviral types of hepatitis that can occur

Although hepatitis A through E are caused by viruses, hepatitis can be caused by other situations than a viral infection. Because a virus doesn’t cause these forms of hepatitis, they’re not contagious. But they’re similar to viral forms of hepatitis.

Alcoholic hepatitis

This is caused by drinking too much alcohol over any period of time, even just 1-2 years. The liver breaks down alcohol, and if more alcohol is consumed than the liver can break down, it can cause swelling and inflammation of the liver.

Symptoms of alcoholic hepatitis may not appear right away, or even for a long time. If symptoms do appear, it’s usually after chronic heavy drinking. If cirrhosis hasn’t occurred, the liver may heal itself gradually if you stop drinking alcohol.

Complications can occur if alcohol use continues. If you’re a long-term, heavy alcohol user, there are resources available to help you safely quit.

Toxic hepatitis

Toxic hepatitis, also known as drug-induced hepatitis, happens when the liver becomes inflamed due to exposure to substances like alcohol, certain medications and chemicals, or certain herbal or dietary supplements.

Your liver filters everything that goes in your body, but sometimes, toxins form that can irritate or damage the liver. This can happen with both short- and long-term use of whatever substance is causing liver damage.

Autoimmune hepatitis

This can occur when your body’s immune system attacks your liver and causes inflammation, swelling and damage. It’s considered a chronic liver disease and can happen at any age.

It’s not known exactly what causes autoimmune hepatitis, but it’s more likely to show up in people with other autoimmune conditions like lupus. It’s also more likely to affect women than men.

How hepatitis is diagnosed

To diagnose hepatitis, your doctor will likely ask about your possible exposure to the virus, and if there is any exposure to risk factors, like travel to a developing country. Then, they’ll likely order a blood sample to be taken to test for the presence of hepatitis in the blood.

If diagnosed with hepatitis B or C, blood samples may need to be taken again later on to see if your infection was acute or chronic. Your doctor may also order imaging testing, like an ultrasound, to check for liver damage.

Who should be screened for hepatitis?

Anyone can get hepatitis, but there are certain groups that are more at risk. HealthPartners tends to align with the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) guidelines for who should get screened for hepatitis B and C.

Currently, the USPSTF recommends screening for hepatitis B in adolescents and adults at increased risk of infection. This includes:

  • Pregnant women at their first neonatal visit, then subsequent visits if they’re exposed to new or ongoing risk factors
  • People who were born in a country that has high hepatitis B infection rates
  • Those born in the U.S. who weren’t vaccinated as infants, and whose parents are from a country with high infection rates
  • People who use injectable drugs
  • People living with HIV
  • Men who have sex with men
  • People who have an infected partner
  • People who live in the same household as someone who has hepatitis B

The USPSTF also recommends screening for hepatitis C at least once in their lives for all adults ages 18-79, including asymptomatic people with no known liver disease.

The CDC also has these screening recommendations for hepatitis A, D and E:

  • Hepatitis A – If you’re experiencing symptoms, you know you’ve been exposed, you have or have had hepatitis B or C, or you have the same risk factors as hepatitis B, it’s recommended you get screened for hepatitis A.
  • Hepatitis D – Since hepatitis D can only occur if you have or have had hepatitis B, screening is recommended if you test positive for hepatitis B.
  • Hepatitis E – Currently, there aren’t any Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved testing methods for hepatitis E, so screening isn’t available in the U.S.

Treatment options for hepatitis

If you think you’ve been exposed to hepatitis, it’s important to get tested. Speak to your doctor about your treatment options because they vary for the different types of hepatitis.

  • Hepatitis A – If you test positive for hepatitis A, there isn’t medication to treat it. Instead, your doctor will likely advise you to avoid alcohol and recuperate at home with plenty of rest, fluids and proper nutrition to help relieve symptoms.
  • Hepatitis B – For acute hepatitis B, the treatment is the same as hepatitis A, as there’s no specific medication available. And it depends on the individual situation, but for chronic hepatitis B, there are antiviral drugs available.
  • Hepatitis C – Treatment for hepatitis C should happen right away. This may include taking antiviral pills for around 8-12 weeks until the infection clears. These antivirals can cure more than 95% of people who take them, and side effects are typically mild.

Finally, how hepatitis D and E are treated depends on the individual. And treatment for the other types of hepatitis mainly depends on the cause.

Prevent hepatitis A and B by getting vaccinated

For children, it’s extremely important to follow the recommended vaccine schedule to give your child the best possible lifelong protection against hepatitis A and B. This schedule includes getting the hepatitis B vaccine within 12 hours of birth, and then follow-up doses at two, four and six months of age. It also includes the hepatitis A vaccine, which can be given as soon as 12 months old, with a follow-up dose at 18 months old.

If you’re an adult and you haven’t been vaccinated or are unsure if you have been, speak to your doctor at your yearly health screening. They can help advise you on whether or not you should get the vaccine, as it’s important for everyone to protect themselves against preventable diseases.

Protect yourself from getting hepatitis

Getting the vaccines are the best way to protect yourself and your loved ones from preventable illness.

If your child needs their next hepatitis vaccine dose, or if they need to get caught up on their vaccines, make a kids’ health appointment to get them immunized.

And if you’re unsure of your vaccination status, make a primary care appointment with your primary care doctor to talk about next steps so you can stay healthy.



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Different types of hepatitis: What you need to know, 2025-07-07 21:40:00


Everyone experiences stomach pain and discomfort from time to time, thanks to tummy bugs or eating something that didn’t agree with them. But if you’ve been noticing persistent or worsening stomach issues, you may start to wonder if you need to be concerned, and it can be easy to jump to worst-case scenarios like stomach cancer.

The important thing to know is that if you’re experiencing any strange symptoms, it’s likely not cancer. In fact, stomach cancer, also called gastric cancer, is pretty uncommon, accounting for just 1.5% of all new cancer cases in the United States each year. But that doesn’t mean you should ignore any discomfort you’re feeling.

Read on to learn more about possible signs and symptoms of stomach cancer. Plus, learn about the possible causes of stomach cancer and when to get help with stomach symptoms you’re experiencing.

Signs of stomach cancer may not be noticeable early on

Stomach cancer develops slowly, which is why so many people don’t experience any symptoms. And if they do, early signs and symptoms of stomach cancer can look a lot like other health conditions, such as acid reflux.

Stomach cancer is a type of cancer that forms in the lining of the stomach. In the U.S., it most commonly occurs in the gastroesophageal junction where the esophagus connects to the stomach. But in other areas of the world, it’s more regularly found in the main part of the stomach where food breaks down.

Stomach cancer starts when small changes occur in the DNA of the stomach cells, causing them to over-multiply. As these cells accumulate, they can form abnormal cancerous growths called tumors.

Early symptoms of stomach cancer

The first noticeable symptoms of stomach cancer can include:

  • Abdominal pain or discomfort
  • A feeling of fullness after eating a small amount of food
  • Changes in appetite
  • Discomfort in the area above the belly button
  • Fatigue
  • Heartburn
  • Indigestion
  • Nausea

Symptoms of more advanced stomach cancer

As stomach cancer advances, it can also cause more severe symptoms, such as:

  • Anemia (where the body doesn’t have enough red blood cells to carry the amount of oxygen it needs)
  • Blood in the stool or stool that’s darker than usual
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Drastic, unexplained or unintentional weight loss
  • Jaundice (a liver condition that can cause yellowing of the skin and eyes)
  • Severe stomach pain
  • Visible swelling in the abdomen
  • Vomiting, with or without blood

What does stomach cancer feel like?

Symptoms of stomach cancer can be difficult to notice, especially in the beginning. You may attribute symptoms like heartburn, nausea or fatigue due to a big meal or a busy day. But if the symptoms aren’t going away or are getting worse over time, make an appointment with your primary care doctor.

Later symptoms are more painful and noticeable, and a dull stomachache can turn into a sharper, more persistent pain. In addition, a person’s clothes may feel tighter than usual due to abdominal swelling and fluid buildup. And nausea and fatigue might increase, which can greatly affect daily life.

Is abdominal swelling a stomach cancer symptom?

When cancer occurs in the stomach, there can be a buildup of fluid called ascites, which causes abdominal swelling. It occurs in about 18% of people diagnosed with gastric cancer and isn’t usually one of the first signs.

Causes and risk factors of stomach cancer

When it comes to stomach cancer, there aren’t many identifiable causes. Scientists think it happens when there’s a mutation in the DNA of the stomach cells. They aren’t exactly sure why this mutation happens, but they’ve identified genetic and lifestyle risk factors that can increase chances of stomach cancer:

  • A family history of stomach cancer
  • Being 65 and older (around 60% of stomach cancer in the U.S. happens to older people)
  • Being male
  • Being overweight
  • Certain genetic conditions, like Lynch syndrome and familial adenomatous polyposis (both hereditary forms of colon cancer)
  • Drinking too much alcohol
  • Eating a diet high in salty and smoked foods, and low in fruits and vegetables
  • Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), also known as chronic acid reflux
  • Having an H. pylori infection, a common bacteria that can infect the stomach lining and contribute to cancer development
  • History of stomach polyps or stomach ulcers
  • Smoking
  • Stomach inflammation

If you’re experiencing symptoms, they’re probably not caused by stomach cancer. Still, you’ll want to see your doctor to find out what’s causing them and start treatment as soon as possible. If you’re at higher risk of stomach cancer, your doctor may recommend screening for stomach cancer before you have any symptoms, so make sure you let them know about your risk factors.

At your appointment, your doctor will perform a physical exam and ask about your symptoms and medical history. Other tests may include:

  • An upper endoscopy – This is the most common test for stomach cancer. Your doctor inserts a thin tube with a camera into your mouth until it reaches your stomach. During this procedure, they can also remove a tissue sample for testing (this is called a biopsy).
  • Endoscopic ultrasound – This can determine the stage of your cancer. It can also take pictures of the inside of your stomach to show if cancer has spread.
  • Imaging tests – Tests like X-rays and ultrasounds can help identify tumors that may be cancerous and how far the cancer has spread.
  • A barium swallow study – If you’re getting X-rays, your doctor may ask you to do a barium swallow study. During the test, you drink a thick, chalky liquid (barium) that coats the inside of your stomach. The barium outlines the shape of your stomach on X-rays, making it easier for your doctor to see if anything looks different than it should.
  • Blood tests – These can’t detect stomach cancer, but they can find changes in the blood that may be caused by cancer. They can also measure how other organs are functioning. If they’re not functioning properly, it may be a sign that cancer has spread beyond the stomach.

Preventing stomach cancer starts with addressing risk factors

There are things you can do at home to reduce your chance of developing stomach cancer and improve your overall health, including:

  • Treating stomach conditions promptly – It’s important to follow any treatment plan for stomach conditions, because if they’re left untreated, they can increase your risk for stomach cancer. This is especially true if you test positive for H. pylori, which increases cancer risk in the lower and middle parts of the stomach.
  • Eating less salty and smoked foods – It may be easier to reach for prepackaged or fast food, but a diet high in salty and smoked foods increases your risk of stomach cancer. To reduce your risk, cut down on consuming overprocessed foods, try eating more fruits and vegetables, and pick lean meats, like chicken or turkey, over red meat.
  • Greatly reducing or quitting tobacco use – Smoking can more than double your risk of stomach cancer. Tobacco use can irritate the lining of your stomach, which can damage the cells and cause genetic changes. It can also reduce the effectiveness of H. pylori treatment. If you need help quitting, reach out to your doctor. HealthPartners insurance members can also get no-cost support from a health coach to help them quit and stay tobacco free.
  • Exercising regularly – Exercise lowers your risk for many conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, obesity and stomach cancer. Adults who get the recommended amount of exercise reduce their risk of stomach cancer by 50%. And those who go beyond the recommended amount of exercise can reduce their risk even further.
  • Being at the right weight for you – Your risk of stomach cancer and other conditions like GERD is higher if you’re very overweight. Eating a balanced diet and getting regular exercise are good first steps, but it’s not always easy to manage your weight, even if you do everything right. If you struggle with your weight, talk to your doctor for other recommendations, such as talking to a nutritionist or medical weight loss specialist.

Talk with your doctor about stomach symptoms that don’t go away

Everyone experiences the occasional stomach ache, heartburn, indigestion and changes in appetite. In many cases, it’s fine to take an antacid and move on. But if you have these symptoms frequently, or they don’t go away, it’s time to get help.

Schedule an appointment with your primary care doctor. They can take a look at your symptoms, make a diagnosis and get you started on treatment as soon as possible. If needed, they’ll refer you to a specialist, such as a gastroenterologist or oncologist for additional treatment.



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Early symptoms of stomach cancer, 2025-07-02 14:08:00